Resumen
El presente estudio aborda el modelado de lentes gravitacionales fuertes (SGL) mediante redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN), con el objetivo de mejorar la inferencia de parámetros físicos asociados al modelo elipsoide isotérmico singular (SIE). Las SGL constituyen herramientas fundamentales para investigar la materia oscura y la energía oscura; y del mismo modo, para obtener información acerca de la estructura interna de las galaxias. Pero el volumen creciente de datos astronómicos compromete la eficiencia de los métodos tradicionales de modelado. Se generó un conjunto sintético de 76 396 imágenes de sistemas de lentes galaxia-galaxia, derivadas del catálogo del Telescopio Espacial Chino (CSST) utilizando la paquetería Lenstronomy. El modelo CNN se diseñó a partir de la arquitectura Alex-Net, incorporando modificaciones como estratos adicionales de convolución y normalización por lotes, con el fin de optimizar la extracción de características y reducir el costo computacional. La red predice cuatro parámetros del modelo SIE: el radio de Einstein (θE), la relación axial (f) y las componentes de la elipticidad (εx, εy). Los resultados muestran una elevada capacidad predictiva, cuyos coeficientes de determinación R² van de 0.95 y 0.97, y los errores relativos promedio entre 2.6 % y 5.1 %. Las imágenes reconstruidas alcanzaron una fidelidad PSNR de hasta 37 dB. Estos hallazgos avalan el potencial de las arquitecturas ligeras de CNN orientadas al modelado automático de lentes gravitacionales en grandes volúmenes de datos astronómicos.
Referencias
P. Schneider, C. S. Kochanek, y J. Wambsganss, Gravitational lensing: strong, weak and micro. Alemania: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006, DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-30310-7.
P. Schneider, Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology: An Introduction. Alemania: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54083-7.
Y. D. Hezaveh et al., “Detection of c substructure using ALMA observations of the dusty galaxy SDP.81”, arXiv:1601.01388, 2016, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1601.01388.
M. Meneghetti, Introduction to gravitational lensing: with Python examples, Suiza: Springer Nature, 2021, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73582-1.
A. J. Shajib et al., “Strong Lensing by Galaxies”, Space Science Reviews, vol. 220, núm. 87, 2024, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01105-x.
T. Treu, “Strong Lensing by Galaxies”, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 48, pp. 87-125, 2010, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130924.
Euclid Collaboration, “Euclid: I. Overview of the Euclid Mission”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 697, art. A1, 2025, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450810.
R. Laureijs et al., “Euclid Definition Study Report”, arXiv:1110.3193, 2011, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1110.3193.
D. Enard, “The European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope”, Journal of Optics, vol. 22, núm. 2, pp. 33-50, 1991, DOI: https://doi.org10.1088/0150-536X/22/2/001.
M. W. McElwain et al., “The James Webb Space Telescope Mission: Optical Telescope Element Design, Development, and Performance”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 135, art. 058001, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/acada0.
J. P. Gardner et al., “The James Webb Space Telescope”, Space Science Reviews, vol. 123, pp. 485-606, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7.
F. B. Bianco et al., “Optimization of the Observing Cadence for the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: A Pioneering Process of Community-focused Experimental Design”, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 258, núm. 1, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3e72.
I. Hook, “The Science Case for the European ELT”, en Proceedings of the Science with the VLT in the ELT Era, A. Moorwood, Ed., 2009, pp. 225-232, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9190-2_38.
E. Palle et al., “Ground-Breaking Exoplanet Science with the ANDES Spectrograph at the ELT”, Experimental Astronomy, vol. 59, núm. 29, 2025, DOI: 10.1007/s10686-025-10000-4.
Y. Gong et al., “Introduction to the Chinese Space Station Survey Telescope (CSST)”, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, vol. 69, núm. 3, art. 239501, 2026, DOI: 10.1007/s11433-025-2809-00.
T. E. Collett, “The Population of Galaxy-Galaxy Strong Lenses in Forthcoming Optical Imaging Surveys”, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 811, núm. 1, 2015, DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/20.
S. T. Myers et al., “The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - I. Source Selection and Observations”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 341, núm. 1, pp. 1-12, 2003, DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06256.x.
I. W. A. Browne et al., “The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - II. Gravitational Lens Candidate Selection and Follow-Up”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 341, núm. 1, pp. 13-32, 2003, DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06257.x.
N. Scoville et al., “The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview”, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 172, núm. 1, pp. 1-8, 2007.
A. S. Bolton et al., “The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. I. A Large Spectroscopically Selected Sample of Massive Early-Type Lens Galaxies”, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 638, núm. 2, pp. 703-724, 2006, DOI: 10.1086/498884.
A. S. Bolton et al., “The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. V. The Full ACS Strong-Lens Sample”, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 682, núm. 2, pp. 964-984, 2008, DOI: 10.1086/589327.
F. Sciortino et al., “Inference of Experimental Radial Impurity Transport on Alcator C-Mod: Bayesian Parameter Estimation and Model Selection”, Nuclear Fusion, vol. 60, núm. 12, 2020 DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/abae85.
A. Fowlie, W. Handley, y L. Su, “Nested Sampling Cross-Checks Using Order Statistics”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 497, núm. 4, pp. 5256-5263, 2020, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2345.
W. Zhang et al., “Shift-Invariant Neural Network for Image Processing: Learning and Generalization”, Applications of Artificial Neural Networks III, vol. 1709, pp. 257-268, 1992, DOI: 10.1117/12.140004.
P. Hála, “Spectral classification using convolutional neural networks”, arXiv:1412.8341, 2014, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1412.8341.
C. E. Petrillo et al., “Finding Strong Gravitational Lenses in the Kilo Degree Survey with Convolutional Neural Networks”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 472, núm. 1, pp. 1129-1150, 2017, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx2052.
Y. D. Hezaveh, L. P. Levasseur, y P. J. Marshall, “Fast Automated Analysis of Strong Gravitational Lenses with Convolutional Neural Networks”, Nature, vol. 548, pp. 555-557, 2017, DOI: 10.1038/nature23463.
S. Schuldt et al., “HOLISMOKES - IV. Efficient Mass Modeling of Strong Lenses through Deep Learning”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 646, art. A126, 2021, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039574.
J. W. Park et al., “Large-Scale Gravitational Lens Modeling with Bayesian Neural Networks for Accurate and Precise Inference of the Hubble Constant”, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 910, núm. 1, 2021, DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abdfc4.
J. Pearson, J. Maresca, N. Li, y S. Dye, “Strong Lens Modelling: Comparing and Combining Bayesian Neural Networks and Parametric Profile Fitting”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 505, núm. 1, pp. 4362-4382, 2021, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1547.
V. Busillo et al., “Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). LEMON - LEns Modelling with Neural networks”, arXiv:2503.15329, 2026, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.15329.
R. Parlange et al., “GraViT: Transfer Learning with Vision Transformers and MLP-Mixer for Strong Gravitational Lens Discovery”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 545, núm. 2, 2025, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1747.
R. Cañameras et al., “HOLISMOKES - VI. New galaxy-scale strong lens candidates from the HSC-SSP imaging Survey”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 653, art. L6, 2021, DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141758.
A. T. Jaelani et al., “Survey of gravitationally lensed objects in HSC imaging (SuGOHI) – X. Strong lens finding in the HSC-SSP using convolutional neural networks”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 535, núm. 2, pp. 1625-1639, 2024, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae2442.
L. P. Garate Nuñez, A. S. G. Robotham, S. Bellstedt, L. J. M. Davies, C. Martínez Lombilla, “The Hyper Suprime-Cam extended point spread functions and applications”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 531, núm. 2, pp. 2517-2530, 2024, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae1292.
G. E. Hinton, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, y Y. E. Rachmad, “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks”, Communications of the ACM, vol. 60, núm. 6, pp. 84-90, 2012, DOI: 10.1145/3065386.
J. J. Ancona-Flores, A. Hernández-Almada, and V. Motta, “Enhancing gravitational lens study with deep learning: A study on effects of dropout regularization”, Galaxies, vol. 14, núm. 2, 2026, DOI: 10.3390/galaxies14020018.
R. Kormann, P. Schneider, y M. Bartelmann, “Isothermal Elliptical Gravitational Lens Models”, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 284, pp. 285-299, 1994, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Isothermal-elliptical-gravitational-lens-models.-Kormann-Schneider/ed1caf1f6fdf1866fc6eac34eef6a15e780037b2.
A. Etherington et al., “Automated Galaxy-Galaxy Strong Lens Modelling: No Lens Left Behind”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 517, núm. 3, pp. 3275-3302, 2022, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac2639.
Y. LeCun et al., “Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition”, Neural computation, vol. 1, núm. 4, pp. 541-551, 1989, DOI: 10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541.
P. Baldi y P. J. Sadowski, “Understanding Dropout”, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 26, 2013, https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2013/hash/71f6278d140af599e06ad9bf1ba03cb0-Abstract.html.
G. E. Hinton, N. Srivastava, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, y R. R. Salakhutdinov, “Improving Neural Networks by Preventing Co-Adaptation of Feature Detectors”, arXiv:1207.0580, 2012, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1207.0580.
I. Salehin y D. K. Kang, “A Review on Dropout Regularization Approaches for Deep Neural Networks within the Scholarly Domain”, Electronics, vol. 12, núm. 14, 2023, DOI: 10.3390/electronics12143106.
J. L. Sérsic, Atlas de galaxias australes. Observatorio Astronómico, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 1968.
S. Mukherjee et al.; “SEAGLE—I. A Pipeline for Simulating and Modelling Strong Lenses from Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 479, núm. 3, pp. 4108-4125, 2018, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1741.
T. Treu y L. V. E. Koopmans, “Massive Dark Matter Halos and Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies to z ≈ 1”, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 611, núm. 2, pp. 739-760, Aug, 2004, DOI: 10.1086/422245.
R. Caruana, “Multitask Learning”, Machine Learning, vol. 28, pp. 41-75, 1997, DOI: 10.1023/A:1007379606734.
Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, y E. P.Simoncelli, “Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, núm. 4, pp. 600-12, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/tip.2003.819861.

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Perspectivas de la Ciencia y la Tecnología

