Keywords
Photosensitizer
Singlet oxygen
Nanomaterial.
How to Cite
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non invasive technique for the treatment of various diseases as well as different types of cancer. Therefore, it use a photosensitizer (Ps), which is a molecule that absorbs a photon of light to stimulate the promotion from ground state to a short lived excited singlet state. The ideal Ps is expected to have the abilities to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissue and rapidly clear from normal tissue, amphilicity, negligible dark toxicity, high quantum yield of triplet state formation, among others. Some of these conditions are seen in several Ps of different generations. The first involves the study of hematoporphyrin and photofrin and due to the limitations of these Ps, such as low chemical purity and poor tissue penetration, a second generation was developed. This generation has the limitation of poor water solubility and forces the need of new methods of drug delivery. The third generation was developed to tackle this issue and is based on the synthesis of substances with higher affinity to the tumor tissue. Some of these combines the second generation of Ps with nanomaterials used as carriers or stimulants. At the same time, a new generation has been developed. This fourth generation involves the use of nanomaterials as photosensitizers which had been proved to generate short lived excited singlet state. Therefore, this article presents numerous applications and limitations of photosensitizers throughout generations in order to stimulate the development of new compounds, as well as the obstacles that must be overcome to scale the application of PDT in future cancer treatments.
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