Palabras clave
Fotosensibilizadores
Oxígeno singulete
Nanomaterial
Cómo citar
Resumen
La terapia fotodinámica (PDT, por sus siglas en inglés), es una técnica no invasiva para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, entre ellas las de tipo oncológico. Para ello, se usa un fotosensibilizador (FS); es decir, una molécula que absorbe un fotón de luz y estimula la promoción del estado basal a uno de singlete excitado con poca duración. El FS ideal debe tener las siguientes características: anfifilicidad, acumulación preferente en tejido tumoral y desplazamiento rápido del tejido sano, toxicidad en oscuro despreciable, alto rendimiento cuántico de estado triplete, entre otras. Varios FS muestran dichas condiciones a través de disferentes generaciones: en la primera están las hematoporfirinas y fotofrinas, que debido a su baja pureza química y poca penetración en tejidos se pasaron a la segunda generación para continuar su formación; dado a que los FS presentaron baja solubilidad se procedió a un estudio de nuevos métodos para el transporte de fármacos. Finalmente, la tercera generación consistió en la síntesis de nuevas sustancias con mayor afinidad a tejidos tumorales para resolver las fallas de generaciones predecesoras. El proceso involucró la combinación de FS de la segunda generación con nanomateriales como compuestos trasportadores o estimulantes. Con el uso de los nanomateriales como FS se empezó a desarrollar una cuarta generación; las moléculas han demostrado la capacidad de generar estados cuánticos excitados para su uso en PDT. Por consiguiente, este artículo presenta los obstáculos a vencer, las numerosas aplicaciones y limitaciones de los fotosensibilizadores a través de sus generaciones para estimular el desarrollo de nuevos compuestos para futuros tratamientos del cáncer.
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