Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia

Contenido principal del artículo

Bryan Adrian Priego-Parra
José María Remes-Troche
Héctor Vivanco-Cid

Resumen

Las Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia (ACE) son situaciones estresantes que ocurren antes de los 18 años, estas son altamente prevalentes en nuestro medio y se asocian con riesgo incrementado de resultados adversos en la salud física, oportunidades de vida, educación, comportamiento social y salud mental a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Debido a la inmadurez de diversos sistemas fisiológicos, donde destaca el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal, los niños expuestos a ACE pueden sufrir estrés tóxico y sus consecuencias, lo que podría ser transmitido transgeneracionalmente por mecanismos epigenéticos no del todo dilucidados. Existen distintos grupos poblacionales que han sido económica o socialmente marginalizados que tienen mayor riesgo de padecer ACE, por lo que se han propuesto distintas políticas en salud pública para prevenir o disminuir la exposición de los niños a los traumas infantiles. Este artículo revisa la adversidad infantil, estrés traumático tóxico, ACE en poblaciones afectadas desproporcionalmente y estrategias para la prevención.

Detalles del artículo

Sección
Temas
Biografía del autor/a

Bryan Adrian Priego-Parra, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad Veracruzana, México.

Médico Cirujano egresado de la Universidad Veracruzana. Estudiante del Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, y adscrito al Centro de Investigaciones biomédicas, ambos en la misma casa de estudios.Especialista en prevención del suicidio, certificado por Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene RFMH de la Columbia University, y en liderazgo y manejo de programas para la prevención de infecciones, certificado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHO). Sus líneas de investigación son el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, neuro motilidad gastrointestinal, ansiedad y depresión, MAFLD. Algunas de sus publicaciones más recientes son “Higher Cardiovascular Risk Scores and Liver Fibrosis Risk Estimated by Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease”, 2022; “Body Composition and Phase Angle by Bioimpedance In Patients with MAFLD”, 2022; y “Prevalence and Clinical-Epidemiologic Characteristics of A Mexican Population with Metabolic (Dysfunction) Associated Fatty Liver Disease: An Open Population Study”, 2022.

José María Remes-Troche, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas de la Universidad Veracruzana, México

Especialista en Medicina interna y Gastroenterología, egresado del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médica y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán. Ha realizado sus estudios de posgrado en Neurogastroenterología en la Iowa University, Carver College of Medicine, Estados Unidos, así como la Maestría en Ciencias Médicas por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Es Director del Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miembro del SNI (nivel 2). Presidente de la Sociedad Mexicana de Neurogastroenterologia y Motilidad y editor de la Revista de Gastroenterología de México. Sus líneas de investigación son: eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, motilidad gastrointestinal, trastornos anorectales, fisiología digestiva. Algunas de sus publicaciones más recientes (en co-autoría) son: “Higher Cardiovascular Risk Scores and Liver Fibrosis Risk Estimated by Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease”, 2022; “Body Composition and Phase Angle by Bioimpedance In Patients with MAFLD”, 2022; y “Consenso latinoamericano de diagnóstico de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico”, 2022.

Héctor Vivanco-Cid, Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas de la Universidad Veracruzana, México

Doctor en Ciencias con especialidad en inmunología por la Escula Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Profesor titular de tiempo completo C en Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas de la Universidad Veracruzana. Es miembro del SNI (Nivel 1), y tiene el Perfil Prodep de la SEP. Sus líneas de investigación son: inmunología, inmunidad adaptativa, respuesta inmune en enfermedades virales endémicas. Algunas de sus publicaciones recientes son (en-coautoría): “Optimization of PbTiO3 Single Crystals with Flux and Laser Floating Zone Method”, 2022; “Discovery of Honeycomb and Kagomé Quantum Magnets”, 2022; y “Anomalous Residual Surface Conductivity in a Superconductor with Strong Spin-Orbit Coupling”, 2021.

Referencias

Andersen, J. P., y J. Blosnich (2013). Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults: Results from a Multi-State Probability-Based Sample. PloS One, 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054691.

Austin, A., H. Herrick, S. Proescholdbell y J. Simmons (2016). Disability and Exposure to High Levels of Adverse Childhood Experiences : Effect on Health and Risk Behavior. N C Med J, 77 (1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.77.1.30.

Bailey, Z. D., N. Krieger, M. Agénor, J. Graves, N. Linos y M. T. Bassett (2017). America : Equity and Equality in Health 3 Structural racism and health inequities in the USA : Evidence and Interventions. The Lancet, 389 (10077), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.

Barnes, A. J., B. J. Anthony, C. Karatekin, K. A. Lingras, R. Mercado y L. A. Thompson (2019). Identifying Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatrics to Prevent Chronic Health Conditions. Pediatr Res, 87 (2), 362-370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0613-3.

Berger, R., y M. Lahad (2014). Early Child Development and Care A Safe Place : Ways in Which Nature, Play and Creativity Can Help Children Cope with Stress and Crisis – Establishing the Kindergarten As a Safe Haven Where Children Can Develop Resiliency. Early Child Development and Care, 180 (7), 889-900. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802525013.

Bröder, J., O. Okan, U. Bauer, D. Bruland, S. Schlupp, T. M. Bollweg, L. Saboga-nunes, E. Bond, K. Sørensen, E. Bitzer, S. Jordan, O. Domanska, C. Firnges, G. S. Carvalho, U. H. Bittlingmayer, D. Levin-zamir, J. Pelikan, D. Sahrai, A. Lenz, P. Pinheiro (2017). Health Literacy in Childhood and Youth : A Systematic Review of Definitions and Models. BMC Public Health, 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4267-y.

Cardoso, J. B. (2018). Children and Youth Services Review Running to Stand Still : Trauma Symptoms, Coping Strategies , and Substance Use Behaviors in Unaccompanied Migrant Youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 92, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.018.

Craig, S. L., A. Austin, J. Levenson, V. W. Y. Leung, A. D. Eaton y S. A. D’Souza. (2020). Frequencies and Patterns of Adverse Childhood Events in LGBTQ+ Youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107 (104623). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104623.

Crouch, E., J. C. Probst, E. Radcliff, K. J. Bennett, S. Hunt, S. Carolina, R. Health y U. States (2019). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among US Children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.010.

Currie, C. L., J. L. Copeland y G. A. Metz (2019). Childhood Racial Discrimination and Adult Allostatic Load : The Role of Indigenous Cultural Continuity in Allostatic Resiliency. Social Science & Medicine, 241 (112564). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112564.

Danese, A., y B. S. Mcewen (2012). Adverse Childhood Experiences, Allostasis, Allostatic Load, and Age-related Disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106 (1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019.

Fausto-Sterling, A. (2019). Gender/Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Identity Are in the Body: How Did They Get There? Journal of Sex Research, 56 (4-5), 529–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1581883.

Felitti, V. J., R. F. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D. F. Williamson, A. M. Spitz, V. Edwards, M. P. Koss y J. S. Marks (1998). Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14 (4), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.

Hamdullahpur, K., K. J. Jacobs y K. J. Gill (2018). Mental Health Among Help-Seeking Urban Women: The Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Sexual Abuse, and Suicidality. Violence against women, 24 (16), 1967-1981. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218761602.

Hughes, K., H. Lowey, Z. Quigg y M. A. Bellis (2016). Relationships between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Well-being: Results from an English National Household Survey. BMC Public Health, 16 (1), 222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2906-3.

John-henderson, N. A., B. Henderson-matthews, M. A. Scott, R. O. Jerry, M. R. Gordon, A. A. Higgins, W. C. Horn, S. A. Reevis, J. A. Running, y D. G. A. Rynda-apple (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Immune System Inflammation in Adults Residing on the Blackfeet Reservation: The Moderating Role of Sense of Belonging to the Community. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 54 (2), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz029.

Karatekin, C., y M. Hill (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences as a Predictor of Attendance at a Health-promotion Program. Journal of Health Psychology https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318802929.

Kerker, B. D., A. Storfer-isser, M. Szilagyi, R. E. K. Stein, A. S. Garner, K. G. O. Connor, K. E. Hoagwood y S. M. Horwitz (2015). Do Pediatricians Ask About Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatric Primary Care ? Academic Pediatrics, 16 (2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.002.

Lacey, R. E., M. Bartley, M. Kelly-irving, L. Bevilacqua, E. Iob, Y. Kelly y L. D. Howe (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Life Inflammation in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 122 (104914). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104914.

Li, X., H. Zheng, W. Tucker, W. Xu, X. Wen, Y. Lin, Z. Jia, Z. Yuan y W. Yang (2019). Research on Relationships between Sexual Identity, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Rural High School Students in Less Developed Areas of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (17), 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158.

Li, Z., Y. He, D. Wang, J. Tang y X. Chen (2017). Research on Relationships between Sexual Identity, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Non-suicidal Self-injury among Rural High School Students in Less Developed Area of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16 (17), 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158.

Liming, K. W., W. A. Grube (2018). Wellbeing Outcomes for Children Exposed to Multiple Adverse Experiences in Early Childhood : A Systematic Review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 35 (4), 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0532-x.

Marie-mitchell, A., y R. K. Mph (2019). A Systematic Review of Trials to Improve Child Outcomes Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56 (5), 756–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.030.

McCabe, S. E., T. L. Hughes, B. T. West, R. J. Evans-Polce, P. T. Veliz, K. Dickinson, V. V. McCabe y C. J. Boyd (2020). Sexual Orientation, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Comorbid DSM-5 Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81 (6). https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m13291.

Narayan, A. J., A. F. Lieberman y A. S. Masten (2021). Intergenerational Transmission and Prevention of Adverse Childhood Experiences ( ACEs ). Clinical Psychology Review, 85 (101997). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101997

Nurius, P. S., S. Green, P. Logan-Greene, D. Longhi y C. Song (2016). Stress Pathways to Health Inequalities: Embedding ACEs within Social and Behavioral Contexts. International public health journal, 8 (2), 241–256.

Park, S. H., E. J. Videlock, W. Shih, A. P. Presson, E. A. Mayer e I. Chang (2016). Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 28 (8), 1252-1260. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12826.

Petruccelli, K., J. Davis y T. Berman (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associated Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 97, (104127). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104127.

Ray, L., B. Outten, K. Gottlieb y L. Ray (2020). Health Care Utilisation Changes among Alaska Native Adults after Participation in an Indigenous Community Programme to Address Adverse Life Experiences : A Propensity Score-matched Analysis. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 79 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2019.1705048.

Ridout, K. K., M. Khan y S. J. Ridout (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences Run Deep: Toxic Early Life Stress, Telomeres, and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number, the Biological Markers of Cumulative Stress. BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 40 (9), e1800077. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201800077.

Robertson, D. J., J. K. Lee, C. R. Boland, J. A. Dominitz, F. M. Giardiello, D. A. Johnson, T. Kaltenbach, D. Lieberman, T. R. Levin y D. K. Rex (2017). Recommendations on Fecal Immunochemical Testing to Screen for Colorectal Neoplasia: A Consensus Statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology, 152 (5), 1217-1237.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.053.

Roselli, C. E. (2018). Neurobiology of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 30 (7), e12562. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12562.

Scorza, P., C. S. Duarte, S. Lee, H. Wu, J. E. Posner, A. Baccarelli y C. Monk (2020). Epigenetic Intergenerational Transmission: Mothers’ Adverse Childhood Experiences and DNA Methylation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59 (7), 900-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.03.008.

Selvaraj, K., M. J. Ruiz, J. Aschkenasy, J. D. Chang, A. Heard, M. Minier, A. D. Osta, M. Pavelack, M. Samelson, A. Schwartz, M. A. Scotellaro, A. Seo-Lee, S. Sonu, A. Stillerman y B. W. Bayldon (2019). Screening for Toxic Stress Risk Factors at Well-Child Visits: The Addressing Social Key Questions for health study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 205, 244-249.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.004.

Smith, E., K. Milaney, R. I. Henderson y L. Crowshoe (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health among Indigenous Persons Experiencing Homelessness. BMC Public Health, 21 (1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10091-y.

Sonu, S., S. Post y J. Feinglass (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Onset of Chronic Disease in Young. Preventive Medicine, 123 (163-170). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.032.

Suarez, N. A., S. M. Peitzmeier, J. Potter, A. Samandur y S. L. Reisner (2021). Preliminary Findings for Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associations with Negative Physical and Mental Health and Victimization in Transmasculine Adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, 105161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105161.

Szilagyi, M., B. D. Kerker, D. Ph, A. Storfer-isser, R. E. K. Stein, A. Garner, K. G. O. Connor, K. E. Hoagwood, S. M. Horwitz (2016). Factors Associated with Whether Pediatricians Inquire about Parents’ Adverse Childhood Experiences. Academic Pediatrics, 16 (7), 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.04.013.

Torzilli, D., K. Wouters, P. B. Esteban, T. Hinh, H. Farhad, P. Law, M. Sandvik-nylund, L. Guanziroli, J. C. Murillo, J. S. Luz y R. Cenalmor-rejas (2014.). Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Protection. A Study Conducted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Touloumakos, A. K., A. Barrable, B. S. Fraijo-sing y S. Bell (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences : The Protective and Therapeutic Potential of Nature. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, (597935) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.597935.

Trent, M., D. G. Dooley, J. Dougé y S. On (2019). The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health. Pediatrics. 144 (2), e20191765. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1765.

Trinidad, J. E. (2021). Social Consequences and Contexts of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 277 (113897). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113897.

Van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond Sexual Orientation: Integrating Gender/Sex and Diverse Sexualities via Sexual Configurations Theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44 (5), 1177–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8.

Warne, D., K. Dulacki, M. Spurlock, T. Meath, M. Davis, B. Wright, K. J. Mcconnell, D. Warne, K. Dulacki, M. Spurlock, T. Meath y B. Wright (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences ( ACE ) among American Indians in South Dakota and Associations with Mental Health Conditions, Alcohol Use, and Smoking. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 28 (4), 1559-15771.

Williams, D. R., J. A. Lawrence B. A. Davis (2018). Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40 (1), 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750.

Yehuda, R., A. Lehrner (2018). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects : Putative Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 17 (3), 243-257 https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568.

Zetino, Y. L., B. E. Galicia y A. Venta (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences , Resilience, and Emotional Problems in Latinx Immigrant Youth. Psychiatry Research, 293(113450), 113450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113450